Scanning glacier ice like an ultrasound scanner: a new method for seeing the invisible

The protocol is structured in progressive phases (in silico, pilot, full validation) with clear go/no-go criteria, minimising resource waste.

The hypothesis is theoretically coherent and builds logically on established principles of seismic wave propagation in anisotropic, attenuative media. The causal chain from fabric/fractures to mechanical properties to seismic signatures is sound.

The hypothesis correctly identifies a significant knowledge gap—spatially continuous mapping of ice fabric and fractures—and proposes a theoretically powerful method (FWI) that leverages the full wavefield, which is superior to travel-time tomography alone.

The item addresses a critical unmet need in applied glaciology and hydrological risk assessment: high-resolution 3D mapping of the internal structure of temperate glaciers, relevant to hydroelectric operators (e.g., Alpiq, Enel), natural-hazard consultants (e.g., SLF, NGI), and government agencies (e.g., USGS, ESA).

The hypothesis is well formulated, with a clear falsifiable prediction and a solid progressive validation protocol, which is appreciated by the panel.